Everything about Catania totally explained
Catania (
Greek: Κατάνη –
Katánē;
Latin:
Catăna and
Catĭna;
Arabic:
Balad-al-Fil or
Medinat-al-Fil,
Wadi Musa and
Qataniyah) is an
Italian city on the east coast of
Sicily, between
Messina and
Syracuse. It is the capital of the
eponymous province, and with 313,000 inhabitants (more than 700,000 in the
Metropolitan Area) it's the second-largest city on the island.
Geography
Catania is located on the east coast of the island, at the foot of the active volcano
Mount Etna. The position of Catania at the foot of Mount Etna was the source, as Strabo remarks, both of benefits and evils to the city. For on the one hand, the violent outbursts of the volcano from time to time desolated great parts of its territory; on the other, the volcanic ashes produced a soil of great fertility, adapted especially for the growth of vines. (Strab. vi. p. 269.)
Catania's Escutcheon
The symbol of the city is
u Liotru, or the
Fontana dell'Elefante and was constructed in 1736 by
Giovanni Battista Vaccarini. It is made of lava stone portraying an elephant and surmounted by an obelisk. Legend has it that Vaccarini's original elephant was neuter, which the men of Catania took as an insult to their virility. To appease them, Vaccarini appended appropriately elephantine testicles to the original statue. The
Sicilian name
u Liotru is perhaps a deformation of
Heliodorus. A similar sculpture is in
Piazza Santa Maria della Minerva in
Rome.Catania's coat of arms is a red elephant on a light-blue field with an "A" (Agatha's initial or the first letter of Aetna) set higher above its back.
History
Foundation
All ancient authors agree in representing Catania as a Greek colony named
Κατάνη (
Katánē—see also
List of traditional Greek place names) of
Chalcidic origin, but founded immediately from the neighboring city of
Naxos, under the guidance of a leader named Euarchos (Euarchus). The exact date of its foundation isn't recorded, but it appears from
Thucydides to have followed shortly after that of Leontini (modern
Lentini), which he places in the fifth year after
Syracuse, or 730 BCE. (Thuc. vi. 3;
Strabo vi. p. 268;
Scymn. Ch. 286;
Scyl. § 13;
Steph. B. s. v.)
Greek Sicily
The only event of its early history which has been transmitted to us is the legislation of
Charondas, and even of this the date is wholly uncertain. But from the fact that his legislation was extended to the other Chalcidic cities, not only of Sicily, but of
Magna Graecia also, as well as to his own country (
Arist.,
Pol. ii. 9), it's evident that Catania continued in intimate relations with these kindred cities.
It seems to have retained its independence till the time of
Hieron of Syracuse, but that despot, in 476 BCE, expelled all the original inhabitants, whom he established at Leontini, while he repeopled the city with a new body of colonists, amounting, it's said, to not less than 10,000 in number, and consisting partly of
Syracusans, partly of
Peloponnesians. He at the same time changed its name to
Αἴτνη (
Aítnē, Aetna or Ætna, after the nearby
Mount Etna, an activevolcano), and caused himself to be proclaimed the
Oekist or founder of the new city. As such he was celebrated by
Pindar, and after his death obtained heroic honors from the citizens of his new colony. (
Diod. xi. 49, in 66; Strab. l.c.; Pind.
Pyth. i., and Schol.
ad loc.) But this state of things was of brief duration, and a few years after the death of Hieron and the expulsion of
Thrasybulus, the Syracusans combined with
Ducetius, king of the
Siculi, to expel the newly settled inhabitants of Catania, who were compelled to retire to the fortress of
Inessa (to which they gave the name of Aetna), while the old Chalcidic citizens were reinstated in the possession of Catania, 461 BCE. (Diod. xi. 76; Strab.
l. c.)
The period which followed the settlement of affairs at this epoch appears to have been one of great prosperity for Catania, as well as for the Sicilian cities in general: but we've no details of its history till the great
Athenian expedition to Sicily (part of the larger
Peloponnesian War). On that occasion the Catanaeans, notwithstanding their Chalcidic connections, at first refused to receive the Athenians into their city: but the latter having effected an entrance, they found themselves compelled to espouse the alliance of the invaders, and Catania became in consequence the headquarters of the Athenian armament throughout the first year of the expedition, and the base of their subsequent operations against Syracuse. (Thuc. vi. 50-52, 63, 71, 89; Diod. xiii. 4, 6, 7;
Plut. Nic. 15, 16.)
We have no information as to the fate of Catania after the close of this expedition: it's next mentioned in 403 BCE, when it fell into the power of
Dionysius I of Syracuse, who sold the inhabitants as slaves, and gave up the city to plunder; after which he established there a body of
Campanian mercenaries. These, however, quit it again in 396 BCE, and retired to
Aetna, on the approach of the great
Carthaginian armament under
Himilco and
Mago. The great sea-fight in which the latter defeated
Leptines, the brother of Dionysius, was fought immediately off Catania, and the city apparently fell, in consequence, into the hands of the Carthaginians. (Diod. xiv. 15, 58, 60.)
But we've no account of its subsequent fortunes, nor does it appear who constituted its new population; it's only certain that it continued to exist.
Callippus, the assassin of
Dion, when he was expelled from Syracuse, for a time held possession of Catania (Plut.
Dion. 58); and when
Timoleon landed in Sicily we find it subject to a despot named
Mamercus, who at first joined the
Corinthian leader but afterwards abandoned his alliance for that of the Carthaginians, and was in consequence attacked and expelled by Timoleon. (Diod. xvi. 69; Plut.
Timol. 13, 30-34.) Catania was now restored to liberty, and appears to have continued to retain its independence; during the wars of
Agathocles with the Carthaginians, it sided at one time with the former, at others with the latter; and when
Pyrrhus landed in Sicily, Catania was the first to open its gates to him, and received him with the greatest magnificence. (Diod. xix. 110, xxii. 8, Exc. Hoesch. p. 496.)
Roman rule
In the
First Punic War, Catania was one of the first among the cities of Sicily, which made their submission to the
Roman Republic, after the first successes of their arms in 263 BC. (Eutrop. ii. 19.) The expression of
Pliny (vii. 60) who represents it as having been taken by
Valerius Messala, is certainly a mistake. It appears to have continued afterwards steadily to maintain its friendly relations with Rome, and though it didn't enjoy the advantages of a confederate city (
foederata civitas), like its neighbors Tauromenium (modern
Taormina) and Messana (modern
Messina), it rose to a position of great prosperity under the Roman rule.
Cicero repeatedly mentions it as, in his time, a wealthy and flourishing city; it retained its ancient municipal institutions, its chief magistrate bearing the title of
Proagorus; and appears to have been one of the principal ports of Sicily for the export of corn. (Cic.
Verr. iii. 4. 3, 83, iv. 23, 45;
Liv. xxvii. 8.) It subsequently suffered severely from the ravages of
Sextus Pompeius, and was in consequence one of the cities to which a
colony was sent by
Augustus; a measure that appears to have in a great degree restored its prosperity, so that in
Strabo's time it was one of the few cities in the island that was in a flourishing condition. (Strab. vi. pp. 268, 270, 272;
Dion Cass. iv. 7.)
It retained its colonial rank, as well as its prosperity, throughout the period of the
Roman Empire; so that in the
4th century Ausonius in his
Ordo Nobilium Urbium, notices Catania and Syracuse alone among the cities of Sicily. (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 9; Itin. Ant. pp. 87,90, 93, 94).
After the fall of the Roman Empire
In 535, Catania was recovered by
Belisarius from the
Goths, and became again, under the rule of the
Byzantine Empire, one of the most important cities of the island. (
Procop. B. G. i. 5.). It was extensively destroyed by
earthquakes in 1169 and 1693 and by lava flows which ran over and around it into the sea. The first
Sicilian university was founded there in 1434.
Locational significance
One of the most serious eruptions of Etna happened in 121 BCE, when great part of Catania was overwhelmed by streams of lava, and the hot ashes fell in such quantities in the city itself, as to break in the roofs of the houses. Catania was in consequence exempted, for 10 years, from its usual contributions to the Roman state. (Oros. v. 13.) The greater part of the broad tract of plain to the southwest of Catania (now called the
Piana di Catania, a district of great fertility), appears to have belonged, in ancient times, to Leontini or Centuripa (modern
Centuripe), but that portion of it between Catana itself and the mouth of the Symaethus, was annexed to the territory of the latter city, and must have furnished abundant supplies of corn. The port of Catania also, which was in great part filled up by the eruption of 1669, appears to have been in ancient times much frequented, and was the chief place of export for the corn of the rich neighboring plains. The little river Amenanus, or Amenas, which flowed through the city, was a very small stream, and could never have been navigable.
Catania's renown in antiquity
Catania was the birth-place of the philosopher and legislator Charondas; it was also the place of residence of the poet
Stesichorus, who died there, and was buried in a magnificent sepulchre outside one of the gates, which derived from thence the name of
Porta Stesichoreia. (
Suda, under Στησίχορος.)
Xenophanes, the philosopher of
Elea, also spent the latter years of his life there (Diog. Laert. ix. 2. § 1), so that it was evidently, at an early period, a place of cultivation and refinement. The first introduction of dancing to accompany the flute, was also ascribed to
Andron, a citizen of Catania (Athen. i. p. 22, c.); and the first sundial that was set up in the Roman forum was carried thither by Valerius Messala from Catania, 263 BCE. (Varr.
ap. Plin. vii. 60.) But few associations connected with Catania were more celebrated in ancient times than the legend of the Pii Fratres,
Amphinomus and
Anapias, who, on occasion of a great eruption of Etna, abandoned all their property, and carried off their aged parents on their shoulders, the stream of lava itself was said to have parted, and flowed aside so as not to harm them. Statues were erected to their honor, and the place of their burial was known as the
Campus Piorum; the Catanaeans even introduced the figures of the youths on their coins, and the legend became a favorite subject of allusion and declamation among the Latin poets, of whom the younger
Lucilius and
Claudian have dwelt upon it at considerable length. The occurrence is referred by
Hyginus to the first eruption of Etna that took place after the settlement of Catania. (Strab. vi. p. 269;
Paus. x. 28. § 4; Conon,
Narr. 43; Philostr.
Vit. Apoll. v. 17; Solin. 5. § 15; Hygin. 254; Val. Max. v. 4. Ext. § 4; Lucil.
Aetn. 602-40; Claudian.
Idyll. 7;
Sil. Ital. xiv. 196; Auson.
Ordo Nob. Urb. 11.)
Historical epochs and Monuments
Roman age
The city has been buried by lava a total of seven times in recorded history, and in layers under the present day city are the
Roman city that preceded it, and the Greek city before that.
Many of the ancient monuments of the Roman city have been destroyed by the numerous earthquakes. Currently, remains of the following buildings can be seen:
- The Greek-Roman Theatre (2nd century)
- The Odeon (3rd century CE)
- The Catanian Amphitheatre (2nd century)
- The Greek Acropolis of Mountvirgin's Hill (Collina di Montevergine)
- The Roman Aqueduct's Ruins
- The Roman Forum in Piazza San Pantaleone
- Roman ruins in Cortile Archirotti
- Several Christian basilicas, hypogea, Roman burial monuments and Catacombs in some urban areas.
- The Roman Columns in Piazza Giuseppe Mazzini
Roman thermal structures:
The Achillean Thermæ •Terme Achilliane or Terme Achillee
The Guidance's Thermæ • Terme dell'Indirizzo
The Itria's Thermæ • Terme dell'Itria
The Rotunda's Thermæ • Terme della Rotonda
The Four Quoin's Thermæ • Terme dei Quattro Canti
Palazzo Asmundo's Thermæ • Terme di Palazzo Asmundo
University's Thermæ • Terme del Palazzo dell'Università
Casa Gagliano's Thermæ • Terme di Casa Gagliano
Saint Anthony Abbot's Thermæ • Terme della Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate
Baroque and historical churches (UNESCO World Heritage Sites)
Saint Agatha's Cathedral • Duomo di Sant'Agata (1070-1093)
Saint Agatha's Abbey • Badìa di Sant'Agata (1620)
Saint Placid • Chiesa di San Placido
Saint Joseph by the Dome • Chiesa di San Giuseppe al Duomo
Saintest Sacrament by the Dome • Chiesa del Santissimo Sacramento al Duomo
Saint Martin of the White Garbs • Chiesa di San Martino dei Bianchi
Saint Agatha the Eldest • Chiesa di Sant'Agata la Vetere (254)
Saint Agatha by the Furnace or Saint Blaise • Chiesa di Sant'Agata alla Fornace or San Biagio (1098, rebuilt in 1700)
Saint Prison's Church or Saint Agatha in Jail • Chiesa del Santo Carcere or Sant'Agata al Carcere (1760)
Saint Francis of Assisi at The Immaculate (Chiesa di San Francesco d'Assisi all' Immacolata), housing the mortal remains of Queen Eleanor of Sicily. (1329)
Saint Benedict of Nursia • Chiesa di San Benedetto di Norcia (1704-1713)
Great Abbey and Little Abbey of Benedictine Nuns' Cloister • Badìa Grande e Badìa Piccola del Chiostro delle Monache Benedettine
Benedictine Nuns' Arch • Arco delle Monache Benedettine
Saint Mary of Alms' Collegiate Basilica (early 18th century). The Basilica Collegiata di Santa Maria dell'Elemosina is on the Latin cross plan with a nave and two aisles. The high altar has a Madonna icon, probably of Byzantine manufacture.
Saint Mary of Ogninella • Chiesa di Santa Maria dell'Ogninella
Saint Michael the Less • Chiesa di San Michele Minore
Saint Michael Archangel or Minorites' Church • San Michele Archangelo or Chiesa dei Minoriti
Saint Julian • Chiesa di San Giuliano
Monastery of Saint Julian • Monastero di San Giuliano
Saint Teresa • Chiesa di Santa Teresa
Saint Francis Borgia or Jesuits' Church • San Francesco Borgia or Chiesa dei Gesuiti
Jesuitical Convent • Convento dei Gesuiti
Saint Mary of Jesus • Chiesa di Santa Maria di Gesù (1465, restored in 1706)
Saint Dominic or Saint Mary the Great • Chiesa di San Domenico or Santa Maria la Grande (1224)
Dominicans' Friary • Monastero dei Domenicani (1224)
Saint Mary of Purity or Saint Mary of Visitation • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Purità or Chiesa della Visitazione (1775)
Madonna of Graces' Chapel • Cappella della Madonna delle Grazie
Saint Ursula • Chiesa di Sant'Orsola
Saint Agatha at the Lava Flows • Chiesa di Sant'Agata alle Sciare
Saint Euplius Old Church Ruins • Ruderi della Vecchia Chiesa di Sant'Euplio
Saint Cajetan at the Caves • Chiesa di San Gaetano alle Grotte (260)
Basilica of the Saintest Annunciated Mary of Carmel • Basilica di Maria Santissima Annunziata al Carmine (1729)
Saint Agatha at the Borough • Chiesa di Sant'Agata al Borgo. (1669, destroyed in 1693 and rebuilt in 1709). The "Borough" (il Borgo) is an inner district of Catania.
Saint Nicholas at the Borough • Chiesa di San Nicola al Borgo
Saintest Sacrament at the Borough • Chiesa del Santissimo Sacramento al Borgo
Saint Mary of Providence at the Borough • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Provvidenza al Borgo
Chapel of the Blind's Hospice • Cappella dell'Ospizio dei Ciechi
Saint Camillus of the Crucifers • Chiesa di San Camillo dei Crociferi
Catanian Benedictine Monastery of Saint Nicholas the Arena • Monastero Benedettino di San Nicola l'Arena (1558)
Basilica of Saint Nicholas the Arena • Chiesa di San Nicola l'Arena (1687)
Saint Mary of Guidance • Chiesa di Santa Maria dell'Indirizzo (1730)
Saint Clare • Chiesa di Santa Chiara (1563)
Convent of the Poor Clares • Monastero delle Clarisse (1563)
Saint Sebastian Martyr • Chiesa di San Sebastiano Martire (1313)
Saint Anne • Chiesa di Sant'Anna
Marian Sanctuary of Saint Mary of Help • Santuario di Santa Maria dell'Aiuto
Madonna of Loreto • Chiesa della Madonna di Loreto
Saint Joseph at Transit • Chiesa di San Giuseppe al Transito
Immaculate Conception of Little Minorites • Chiesa dell'Immacolata Concezione dei Minoritelli
Saint Agatha by Little Vergins' Conservatory • Chiesa di Sant'Agata al Conservatorio delle Verginelle
Saint Mary of Itria or Saint Mary Hodigitria • Chiesa di Santa Maria dell'Itria or Odigitria.Hodigitria is a Greek word meaning She who shows the Way.
Saint Philip Neri • Chiesa di San Filippo Neri
Saint Martha • Chiesa di Santa Marta
Saint Child • Chiesa del Santo Bambino
Saint Mary of Providence • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Provvidenza
Saint Beryllus (or Birillus) in Saint Mary of the Diseased • Chiesa di San Berillo in Santa Maria degli Ammalati
Madonna of the Poor • Chiesa della Madonna dei Poveri
Saint Vincent de Paul • Chiesa di S.Vincenzo de'Paoli
Saint John the Baptist • Chiesa di San Giovanni Battista in the suburb of San Giovanni di Galermo
Saint Anthony Abbot • Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate
Little Saviour's Byzantine Chapel • Cappella Bizantina del Salvatorello
Saint Augustine •Chiesa di Sant'Agostino
Holiest Trinity • Chiesa della Saintissima Trinità
Little Virgins • Chiesa delle Verginelle
Saint Mary of the Rotunda • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Rotonda
Saintest Retrieved Sacrament • Chiesa del Santissimo Sacramento Ritrovato
Saint Mary in Ognina • Chiesa di Santa Maria in Ognina."Ognina" is a maritime quarter of Catania.
Saint Mary of Montserrat • Chiesa di Santa Maria di Monserrato
Saint Mary of Health • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Salute
Saint Mary of La Salette • Chiesa di Santa Maria de La Salette
Saint Mary of Mercy or Saint Mary of Merced • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Mercede
Saint Catherine at the Sandfield • Chiesa di Santa Caterina al Rinazzo
Saint Mary of Concord • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Concordia
Saint Mary of the Guard • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Guardia
Saint Mary of Consolation • Chiesa di Santa Maria della Consolazione
Saintest Crucifix of Marjoram • Chiesa del Santissimo Crocifisso Maiorana
Crucifix of Miracles • Chiesa del Crocifisso dei Miracoli
Crucifix of Good Death •Chiesa del Crocifisso della Buona Morte
Saint Mary of La Mecca •Chiesa di Santa Maria della Mecca. La Mecca isn't the Saudiarabian Holy City, but a vernacular Catanian word that identifies a "silk mill" that existed, in effect, in its vicinity.
Saint Cajetan at the Marina •Chiesa di San Gaetano alla Marina
Saintest Redeemer • Chiesa del Santissimo Redentore
Saint Francis of Paola • Chiesa di San Francesco di Paola
Divine Maternity • Chiesa della Divina Maternità
Chapel of Mary Auxiliatrix • Cappella di Maria Ausiliatrice
Chapel of Sacred Heart of Jesus • Cappella del Sacro Cuore di Gesù
Sacred Heart by Redoubt • Sacro Cuore al Fortino (1898)
Saints George and Denis • Chiesa dei Santi Giorgio e Dionigi
Sacred Heart by Capuchins • Sacro Cuore ai Cappuccini
Saint Christopher • Chiesa di San Cristoforo
Saints Cosmas and Damian • Chiesa dei Santi Cosma e Damiano
Saint Mary of Succour or Saint Mary of the Palm • Chiesa di Santa Maria del Soccorso or Santa Maria della Palma
Saint Vitus • Chiesa di San Vito
Saints Guardian Angels • Chiesa dei Santi Angeli Custodi
Saintest Saviour • Chiesa del Santissimo Salvatore
Urban parks
Villa Bellini
Villa Pacini
Orto Botanico dell'Università di Catania, Catania's Botanical garden
Parco Giovanni Falcone (Giovanni Falcone's Park)
Parco Gioeni
La Playa's Bushet (Boschetto della Playa)
Others
The Ursino Castle (il Castello Ursino), built by emperor Frederick II in the 13th century.
The Uzeda Gate (la Porta Uzeda)
The Gothic-Catalan Arch of Saint John of Friars in Via Cestai (l'Arco Gotico-catalano di San Giovanni de' Freri in Via Cestai)
The Ferdinandean Gate or Garibaldi Gate (la Porta Ferdinandea), a triumphal arch erected in 1768 to celebrate the marriage of Ferdinand I of Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria
The Fortino's Gate (la Porta del Fortino)
The "Casa del Mutilato"
The subterranean rivers
Under the city run the river Amenano, visible in just one point, south of Piazza Duomo and the river Longane or Lognina.
Culture
The opera composer Vincenzo Bellini was born in Catania, and a museum exists at his birthplace. The Teatro Massimo Bellini, which opened in 1890, is named after the composer. The opera house presents a variety of operas through a season, which run from December to May, many of which are the work of Bellini.
Giovanni Verga was born in Catania in 1840. He became the greatest writer of Verismo, an Italian literary movement akin to Naturalism. His novels portray life among the lower levels of Sicilan society, such as fishermen and stone-masons, and were written in a mixture of both literary language and local dialect. Nowadays it hosts 12 faculties and over 62'000 students.
The city is base of the newspaper La Sicilia and of the tv-channel Antenna Sicilia also known as Sicilia Channel. Several others local television channels and free-press magazines have their headquarters in Catania. Noted Italian Tv host Pippo Baudo is from Catania.
In the late 1980s and 1990s Catania had a sparkling and unique popular music scene. Indie pop and indie rock bands, local radio station and dynamic independent music record labels sprung. As a result, in those years the city experienced a vital and effervescent cultural period. Artist like Carmen Consoli and Mario Venuti and international known indie rock bands like Uzeda came out of this cultural milieu.
The city is the home of Amatori Catania rugby union team, Calcio Catania football team and Orizzonte Catania, the latter being a brilliant women's water polo club, winning eight European Champions Cup titles from 1994 to 2008. Noted Italian basketball coach Ettore Messina is a native of Catania.
The city's patron saint is Saint Agatha, who is celebrated on 5 February every year.
Transportation
Catania has a commercial seaport (Catania seaport), an international airport (Catania Fontanarossa), a central train station (Catania Centrale) and it's a main node of the Sicilian motorway system. The motorways serving Catania are the A18 Messina-Catania and the A19 Palermo-Catania; extensions of the A18 going from Catania to Syracuse and to Gela are currently under construction. The Circumetnea is a small-gauge railway which runs for 110 km from Catania round the base of Mount Etna. It attains the height of 976 m above sea level before descending to rejoin the coast at Giarre-Riposto to the North.
In the late 1990s the first line of an underground railway was built. The underground service started in 1999 and it's currently active on a route of 3.8 km, from the station Borgo (North of town) to the seaport, passing through the stations of Giuffrida, Italia, Galatea, and Central Station. First line is planned to extend from the satellite city of Paternò to Fontanarossa Airport. Segments Borgo-Nesima (extending the underground railway from the station Borgo to the suburban area of Nesina) and Galatea-Stesicoro (extending the underground railway from the station Galatea to Piazza Stesicoro, in the heart of town) are currently under construction. Demographic evolution
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Sister cities
Phoenix, USA
Grenoble, France (1961)
Ottawa, Canada
Notes and references
This article incorporates some information taken from http://www.hostkingdom.net/ with permission.
Other material is translated from the Italian Wikipedia site.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Catania'.
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